4: Sigma convergence
BE
UK
DE
FR
SE
NL
AT
DK
IT
FI
EU27
M T
PT CY
ES...Openness to trade
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Ro
m
an
ia
Bu
lg
ar
ia
Sl
ov
en
ia
...
0.0163x + 2.4979
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
AT
BE
BG
CY
CZ
DE
DK
EE
EL
ES...information is particularly convenient in cases in which the sample on which the...
ze
m
sk
a
It
al
ij
a
D
a
n
sk
a
A
u
st
ri
ja
P
o
rt
u
g
a
l
V
B
F
in
sk
a
Es...Šp
an
jo
ls
ka
Be
lg
ija
D
an
sk
a
VB
N
je
m
ač
ka
Če
šk
a
Šv
ed
sk
a
...
ze
m
sk
a
It
al
ij
a
D
a
n
sk
a
A
u
st
ri
ja
P
o
rt
u
g
a
l
V
B
F
in
sk
a
Es...Šp
an
jo
ls
ka
Be
lg
ija
D
an
sk
a
VB
N
je
m
ač
ka
Če
šk
a
Šv
ed
sk
a
...
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
Ex
te
rn
al
in
fla
tio
na
ry
p
re
ss
ur
es...a fall in the value of net imports of energy resulting from a fall in the pric-...
tioned should be the Protocol on the excessive deficit procedure (EDP),28 which es...-15 and EU-10) Reference value
0
2
4
6
8
AT BE FI FR EL IE IT LU DE NL PT...
1 = uses I4.0 consistently
group of activities
nu
m
be
r o
f c
om
pa
ni
es...1 = uses I4.0 consistently
group of activities
nu
m
be
r o
f c
om
pa
ni
...
